fa بررسی انباشت فلزات سنگین در استخوان‌های حیوانی هزارۀ پنجم ق.م در استان کردستان <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="font-family:IRANsans;">در دنیای امروز پخش بسیاری از فلزات سنگین در محیط‌زیست و واردشدن آنها به چرخۀ زنجیرۀ غذایی، باعث آلودگی‌هایی شده است. به نظر می<span dir="LTR">‌</span>رسد در هزارۀ پنجم ق.م در منطقۀ کردستان، این مسئله موجب آلوده‌شدن برخی فرآورده<span dir="LTR">‌</span>های ساکنان شده باشد. بررسی<span dir="LTR">‌</span>های زمین‌شناسی منطقۀ کردستان نشان داده‌اند که غلظت بالای یون<span dir="LTR">‌</span>های فلزی، آب‌های سطحی و زیرزمینی را آلوده کرده است. کاوش‌های باستان‌شناسی تپۀ چهل‌امیران در بیجار کردستان طی سه فصل انجام شد. یکی از دستاوردهای کاوش این محوطه، استخوان‌های حیوانی بود که برای نخستین‌بار مورد آزمایش میزان آلودگی قرار گرفتند. این پژوهش با هدف تعیین میزان فلزات سنگین سرب و کادمیوم در نمونۀ استخوان‌های پیش از تاریخ و معاصر و همچنین بررسی وجود ارتباط در میزان این عناصر در نمونه‌های ارزیابی‌شده انجام شد. منطقه به‌دلیل کانسارهای فلزی قابلیت کشاورزی را ندارد و بخش عمدۀ معیشت ساکنان براساس دامداری است. یکی از دلایل فروپاشی زیستگاه چهل‌امیران، نفوذ عناصر و فلزات سنگین به خاک منطقه بوده که این امر باعث نامرغوبی خاک منطقه شده و امکان کشاورزی گسترده را سلب کرده است. پژوهش حاضر به‌منظور ارزیابی میزان فلزات موجود در استخوان حیوانات و مقایسۀ آن با نمونه‌هایی در همان منطقه انجام شد. این پژوهش برای نخستین‌بار آلودگی‌های زیست‌محیطی دوران هزارۀ پنجم را بررسی کرد. <span style="font-size:14.0pt;"></span></span></span><br> &nbsp;</div> <div style="text-align: justify;">In today&#39;s world, the release of many heavy metals into the environment and their entry into the food chain has contaminated and the natural base of the mines and natural deposits of these metals has played a more important role in environmental pollution. It seems that in the prehistoric period (5th millennium BC) in the Kurdistan region, this type of contamination base has caused severe contamination in some products of prehistoric inhabitants. Geological surveys in the Kurdistan region have shown that high density of metal contaminate surface and groundwater and directly affect aquifers. This has caused of pollution and collapsed of environmental of the inhabitants of the fifth millennium. The archaeological excavations of Chehl Amiran Mound belonged to the 5th millennium BC in Kurdistan had done in 3 seasons, one of the achievements of excavations in Chehl Amiran Mound was the discovery of many animal bones in this habitat site, that were studied. The time of the establishment of this habitat based on Thermoluminescence tests goes back around 5,500 BC, which lasted until 1500 BC and then the site collapsed.<br> In the chel amiran Habitat site, a large number of bone samples from various animals were found, from these samples, 21 bones belonging to different animals from the 5th millennium BC were tested. Also, a number of bone samples from contemporary cattle and sheep from the region were collected and they were evaluated for the comparison. It should be noted that these livestock had been fed freely from the vegetation grown in the same region. Samples were transferred to the laboratory independently after collection. The measurement of lead and cadmium values ​​of samples versus the standard was carried out by the Varian spectra AA220 atomic absorption (Australian fabrication). Recovery rate for each element was calculated by using the chemical Sample Reference LUTS-1 (NRCC) and was used to measure the elements separately. By using the standard solutions for each element the device was calibrated. The wavelengths were 217.0 nm and 228.8 nm, respectively, for readings the lead and cadmium.<br> The findings of this study indicate that livestock in the chel amiran region were exposed to severe contamination with lead. The results of the samples of contemporary animals which living in the study area also confirmed that the contamination remains in the region. Therefore, the study of water, soil and plant resources of the excavated area is necessary to identify the origin of this contamination. In fact, it can be admitted that the main reason for this collapse is the presence of gypsum and copper deposits and possibly the presence of heavy and toxic metals in the ecosystem of the region. The poor soil of the region, and Proportional high elevation of the sea and the relative coldness of the climate, compare to other areas around, as well as the weakness of the pastures, are among the reasons for the unsteadiness of habitats during the prehistory time of the region.<br> The area due to metal deposits does not have agricultural capability and the majority of livelihoods of residents based on livestock. It seems that one of the reasons for the collapse of the chel amiran habitat was the penetration of heavy metals and metals into the soil of the area, which has caused the soil to be poor, and damaged and had got the possibility of extensive agriculture. Therefore, after 1500 BC, the chelamiran habitat has collapsed forever and never even until present time been able to live in it. Therefore, with the assumption that despite the environmental stability and the gradual warming of the air and human access to domestication, Why, after the peak of the population of the Talvar Valley in the 5th millennium BC, suddenly the number of settlements was reduced and until the historical and Islamic periods never returning to the previous level, is a basic issue for a better understanding of the situation in this area<span dir="RTL">.</span> Thus, the destruction of the environment of the region by humans due to its double pressure could have caused such an occurrence<span dir="RTL"> .</span>The present study was conducted to evaluate the levels of lead, arsenic and cadmium found in animal bones found in Talwar Dam in Bijar Township and compare it with contemporary samples obtained from domestic animals slaughtered in the same area, which seems that, environmental pollution has caused of population collapse in the Talvar Valley of Kurdistan Province.</div> هزارۀ پنجم ق.م, آلودگی زیست‌محیطی, استخوان‌های حیوانی, سرب و کادمیوم 5th millennium BC, environmental pollution, animal bones, lead and cadmium 1 13 http://archj.richt.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-561-8&slc_lang=fa&sid=10 Mahnaz Sharifi مهناز شریفی mhsharifi588@yahoo.com Yes Assistant Professor, Faculty Member, Research Institute of Archeology, Tehran, Iran استادیار، عضو هیئت علمی، پژوهشکدۀ باستان‌شناسی، پژوهشگاه میراث فرهنگی و گردشگری، تهران، ایران Abbas Motarjem عباس مترجم No Associate Professor, Department of Archeology, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran دانشیار، گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکده هنر و معماری ، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران Aliasghar Bahari علی‌اصغر بهاری No Associate Professor, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Pediatrics, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran دانشیار، گروه علوم درمانگاهی، دانشکدۀ پیرادامپزشکی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران Mohammadreza Pajoohi Alamooti محمدرضا پژوهشی الموتی No Assistant Professor, Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Piraeus, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran استادیار، گروه بهداشت و کنترل کیفی مواد غذایی، دانشکدۀ پیرادامپزشکی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا همدان، ایران